A designer who uses a phototransistor to convert a modulated optical signal to an electrical signal frequently encounters problems when high-intensity background light saturates the phototransistor.

All circuits, analog or digital, have characteristics dependent on the values of their component parts. Invariably, these parts are non-ideal in many ways. Even their most fundamental characteristics, ...

The Sallen-Key lowpass filter is a form of the VCVS (voltage-controlled voltage-source) topology. Unfortunately, the interaction of the op-amp output impedance with the filter input degrades stopband ...