The "Blob," a significant marine heat wave in the Northeast Pacific Ocean from 2013 to 2016, had profound effects on climate and marine ecosystems. Predicting such events is challenging due to the ...

Data assimilation is an important mathematical discipline in earth sciences, particularly in numerical weather prediction (NWP). However, conventional data assimilation methods require significant ...

Data assimilation is a mathematical discipline that integrates observed data and numerical models to improve the interpretation and prediction of dynamical systems. It is a crucial component of Earth ...

Computational modelling and simulation have become indispensable tools in the Earth sciences, enabling researchers to represent complex physical, chemical and biological processes across diverse ...