In most operational amplifier (op amp) circuits, the resistor tolerance and resistor temperature coefficient determine the gain accuracy and gain temperature drift (Figure 1 shows a typical circuit).

If you know or can estimate a low-noise amplifier’s gain or noise bandwidth, you can measure the other spec using only a handful of resistors and an ac voltmeter (Reference 1). The method in this ...

Many times, the need arises to interface single-supply analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) and comparators to real-world signals like 5 V. Of course, it's possible to condition the signal using ...